Occidental College, Los Angeles, California, Psychology (Honors), B.S., 1968
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Psychology (Major), Pharmacology (Minor), Ph.D, 1972

Areas of Specialization:

Behavioral Pharmacology
Drug Self-Administration
Anxiolytics/Sedatives
Caffeine
Hallucinogens

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Professor of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1987-present
Professor of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, 1987-present
Associate Professor of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, 1983-1986
Associate Professor of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1986-1987
Assistant Professor of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 1972-1978

Research Chief, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore, Maryland, 1975-1984
Research Associate, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore City Hospitals, Baltimore, Maryland, 1972-1975
Consultant in Behavior Modification, Faribault State Hospital, Faribault, Minnesota, 1969-1972
USPHS Pre-doctoral Research Fellow,Psychopharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1968-1972

L. DiAnne Bradford, 1976-1978; Jack E. Henningfield, 1978-1980; Nancy A. Ator, 1978-1982; Scott E. Lukas (co-mentored with J.V. Brady), 1979-1982; Daniel R. McLeod (co-mentored with G.E. Bigelow), 1981-1982; Larry D. Chait, 1981-1982; Rosemarie V. Nemeth-Coslett, 1982-1984; Richard J. Lamb, 1983-1986; John D. Roache, 1983-1985; William T. Kirk, 1985-1987; Phillip P. Woodson, 1985-1987; Suzette M. Evans, 1987-1990; Christine A. Sannerud, 1987-1989; John G. Guarino, 1988-1989; Barbara Wolfe, 1988-1989; Thomas S. Critchfield, 1989-1990; Kenneth Silverman, 1989-1991; Barbara J. Kaminski, 1990-1992; Joseph R. Troisi II, 1990-1992; Geoffrey K. Mumford, 1991-1992; Craig R. Rush, 1992-1994; Elise M. Weerts, 1993-1995; Mary E. Abreu, 1993-1994; Joseph M. Frey, 1993-1996; Bridgette E. Garrett, 1995-1997; Miriam Mintzer, 1995-1998; Ellen Vernotica, 1997-1998; Hendrée Jones, 1997-1998; Brandi Smith, 1998-2000; Xiao Sobel, 1999-2001; Allison Chausmer 2000-present; Laura Juliano 2001-present; Patricia Suess, 2002-present; Stacey Sigmon, 2002-present; Darlene E. Crone-Todd, 2002-present; Brian Richards, 2002-present; Matthew Johnson, 2004-present; Lawrence Carter, 2005-present; Chad Reissig, 2006-2009; Angela Duke, 2008-present; Daniel Evatt, 2009-present; Katherine MacLean, 2009-present.

Behavioral Pharmacology Society
American Psychological Association - Fellow
   Division of Psychopharmacology
   Division of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
American Association for the Advancement of Science
ISGIDAR - International Study Group Investigating Drugs as Reinforcers.
   Elected President 1977 and 1978.
American College of Neuropsychopharmacology - Fellow
The College on Problems of Drug Dependence -
   Executive Committee 1983-1987; 1991-1995.
American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics -

Maryland State Board of Examiners of Psychologists, 1975-present.
National Register of Health Care Providers in Psychology, 1978-present.

Behavioural Pharmacology - Editorial Board 1989-2010
Journal of Psychopharmacology - Editorial Advisory Board 1990-present
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior - Editorial Advisory Board, 1989-present
Journal of Studies on Alcohol - Behavioral Pharmacology
   Field Editor 1983-1992
Drug and Alcohol Dependence - Board of Editors 1985-1991
Journal of Caffeine Research - Board of Editors 2011-present

National Institutes of Health:
Consultant for NIDA reviewing research contracts, grants and reports, 1977-1992;.Committee member on NIDA Clinical and Behavioral Research Subcommittee Study Section 1982-1987; NIDA Medication Development Program: NIDA Ad Hoc Consultants Panel 1996-1997; NIH Study Section BBBP-01 1999-2000; NIH Study Section ZRG1 SSS-C Predoctoral Fellowship Reviews 2002; NIH Study Sections, 2004, 2005.

Food and Drug Administration:
Subcommittee on Guidelines for Animal and Human Abuse Liability Testing, Drug Abuse Advisory Committee, 1990; Member Drug Abuse Advisory Subcommittee, 2008-present

World Health Organization:
Invited participant for WHO 5th, 6th, and 8th Reviews of Psychoactive Substances for International Control - Benzodiazepines, Geneva, 1981, 1982, 1983.
Invited participant in jointly sponsored WHO-U.S.S.R. review of use of psychotropic drugs with special emphasis on tranquilizers, Moscow, 1986.
Consultant, WHO review of nonbarbiturate sedatives and benzodiazepines for international control, 1986, 1987
Consultant for preparation of WHO review document on benzodiazepines for international control, 1989 and 1990
Invited participant in 27th Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, Geneva, 1989, 1990
WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Drug Dependence and Alcohol Problems, 1995-1998
WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Drug Dependence (Dependence Liability Evaluation), 1998-present
Invited participant in 32nd Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, Geneva, 2000.
WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Drug Dependence (Dependence Liability Evaluation), 1998-present

Office on Smoking and Health:
Invited participant for Working Meeting on Research Needs on Low Yield Cigarettes, 1980, resulting in a report of the Surgeon General: "The Health Consequences of Smoking: The Changing Cigarette", 1981. Consultant for the 1988 report of the Surgeon General: "The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction."

Drug Enforcement Administration:
Consultant for a hearing of the Drug Abuse Advisory Committee of the Food and Drug Administration on the rescheduling of phentermine, phendimetrazine and diethylpropion, November 1980

Pharmaceutical Industry:
Occasional consultant for CIBA Pharmaceutical Company (1986; 1991-1993), The Upjohn Company (1986; 1991-1995), A.H. Robins Company (1986-1990), Roche Laboratories (1987-1990), Lorex Pharmaceuticals (1987-1990), Schering AG (1988-1992), Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (1988-1994), Stuart Pharmaceuticals (1990), Wyeth Laboratories (1986), Synthélabo Researche Imidazopyridine Advisory Board (1991-1993), Searle (1991; 1993; 1997), Sandoz (1991-1994), American Cyanamid Co./Lederle Laboratories (1992, 1993-1995), Alza Corporation (1992), McNeil Consumer Products Company (1993), Zeneca Pharmaceuticals (1993), TAP Pharmaceuticals Inc. (1992-1994), Fisons Pharmaceuticals (1995); Bristol-Myers Squibb (1995), H. Lundbeck A/C (1995-1997), Wyeth-Ayerst Research (1995-1998), Astra Charnwood (1996); Proctor & Gamble Company (1996); G.D. Searle & Co. (1997); Cephalon, Inc. (1997); Organon Inc. (1999-2000); Parke-Davis (2000); Ancile Pharmaceuticals (2000-2003); Neurocrine (2002-2004); Alexza (2002-2003); Pharmacia Corp. (2002-2003); Somaxon Pharmaceuticals (2005), Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (2003), Neurocrine (2002-2004), Abbott Laboratories (2005); Pfizer Inc (2002-2003); Novartis (2005); TransOral Pharmaceuticals (2004-2007); Forest Laboratories (2002); Takada Pharmaceuticals (2001-2005); Merck & Co. (2001-2009, 2010-present); Bristol-Myers Squibb (2006-present); Jazz Pharmaceuticals (2007-present); Alexza Pharmaceuticals (2007-present); Sanofi-Aventis US LLC (2008); Actelion Pharmaceuticals (2008); Hoffman-La Roche Inc. (2009-present); Transcept Pharmaceuticals (2009-present).

American Psychiatric Association:
Task force on benzodiazepines, 1988-1990

Solvay Award for Outstanding Basic Psychopharmacological Research on Affective Disorders. American Psychological Association Division 28, 1994

Brady/Schuster Award for Outstanding Behavioral Science Research in Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse. American Psychological Association Division 28, 2002

Marian W. Fischman Award for Outstanding Research on Drug Dependence. Columbia University, 2010

PUBLICATIONS:

1. Griffiths, R.R., Sears, B., & Jennings, L. (1969). Specificity of transfer of a learned response by intracisternal injection of brain extract from trained rats: Negative findings. Psychological Reports, 25, 339-348.

2. Bigelow, G., & Griffiths, R.R. (1972). An intensive teaching unit for severely and profoundly retarded women. In T. Thompson, & J. Grabowski (Eds.), Behavior Modification for the Mentally Retarded (pp. 99-138). New York: Oxford University Press.

3. Griffiths, R.R., & Thompson, T. (1973). The post-reinforcement pause: A misnomer. The Psychological Record, 23, 229-235.

4. Griffiths, R.R., & Thompson, T. (1973). Effects of chlorpromazine and pentobarbital on pattern and number of responses in extinction.

5. Pickens, R., Bigelow, G.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1973). An experimental approach to treating chronic alcoholism: A case study and one-year follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 321-325.

6. Thompson, T., Griffiths, R.R., & Pickens, R. (1973). Behavioral variables influencing drug self-administration by animals: Implications for controlling human drug use. In L. Goldberg, & F. Hoffmeister (Eds.), Bayer-Symposium IV, Psychic Dependence (pp. 88-103). Berlin: Springer- Verlag.

7. Bigelow, G., & Griffiths, R.R. (1974). Staff's interactions with patients during behavior modification. Rehabilitation Psychology, 21, 71-77.

8. Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I., & Griffiths, R.R. (1974). Alcoholic drinking: Suppression by a brief time-out procedure. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 107-115.

9. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I. (1974). Assessment of effects of ethanol self-administration on social interactions in alcoholics. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 38, 105-110.

10. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I. (1974). Suppression of ethanol self-administration by contingent time-out from social interactions in alcoholics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 327-334.

11. Griffiths, R.R., & Thompson, T. (1974). Pentobarbital facilitated extinction: Effect of different schedules of drug withdrawal. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 2, 331-338.

12. Bigelow, G., Griffiths, R.R., & Liebson, I. (1975). Experimental models for the modification of human drug self-administration as exemplified by alcoholism. Federation Proceedings, 34, 1785-1792.

13. Brady, J.V., Griffiths, R.R., & Winger, G. (1975). Drug-maintained performance procedures and the evaluation of sedative hypnotic dependency potential. In F. Kagan, T. Harwood, K. Rickels, A. Rudzik, & H. Sorer (Eds.), Hypnotics: Methods of Development and Evaluation (pp. 221-235). New York: Spectrum Publications, Inc.

14. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G., & Liebson, I. (1975). Effect of ethanol self-administration on choice behavior: Money vs. socializing. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 3, 443-446.

15. Griffiths, R.R., Findley, J., Brady, J., Gutcher, Karen D., & Robinson, W. (1975). Comparison of progressive-ratio performance maintained by cocaine, methylphenidate and secobarbital. Psychopharmacologia, 43, 81- 83.

16. Bigelow, G., Griffiths, R.R., & Liebson, I. (1976). Experimental human drug self-administration: Methodology and application to the study of sedative abuse. Pharmacological Reviews, 27, 523-53l.

17. Bigelow, G., Griffiths, R.R., & Liebson, I. (1976). Effects of response requirement upon human sedative self-administration and drug-seeking behavior. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 5, 681-685.

18. Bigelow, G., Griffiths, R.R., & Liebson, I. (1976). Experimental models for the modification of human drug self-administration: Methodological developments in the study of ethanol self-administration by alcoholics. In B. Weiss, & V. Laties (Eds.), Behavioral Pharmacology: The Current Status (1976) (pp. 61-75). New York: Plenum Press.

19. Bigelow, G., Strickler, D., Liebson, I., & Griffiths, R.R. (1976). Maintaining disulfiram ingestion among outpatient alcoholics: A security-deposit contingency contracting procedure. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 378-381.

20. Brady, J.V., & Griffiths, R.R. (1976). Behavioral procedures for evaluating the relative abuse potential of CNS drugs in primates. Federation Proceedings, 35, 2245-2253.

21. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G., & Liebson, I. (1976). Facilitation of human tobacco self-administration by ethanol: A behavioral analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 25, 279-292.

22. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G., & Liebson, I. (1976). Human sedative self- administration: Effects of interingestion interval and dose. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 197, 488-494.

23. Griffiths, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1976). Errorless establishment of letter discriminations with a stimulus fading procedure in pre-school children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42, 387-396.

24. Griffiths, R.R., Snell, J.D., & Brady, J.V. (1976). Progressive-ratio performance in baboons and the assessment of the abuse liability of drugs: Comparison of fenfluramine, chlorphentermine, diethylpropion and cocaine. Problems of Drug Dependence (Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence NRC-NAS), 546-551.

25. Griffiths, R.R., Winger, G., Brady, J.V., & Snell, J. (1976). Comparison of behavior maintained by infusions of eight phenylethylamines in baboons. Psychopharmacology, 50, 251-258.

26. Griffiths, R.R., Wurster, R.M., & Brady, J.V. (1976). Discrete-trial choice procedure: Effects of naloxone and methadone on choice between food and heroin. Pharmacological Reviews, 27, 357-365.

27. Bigelow, G., Griffiths, R.R., & Liebson, I. (1977). Pharmacological influences upon human ethanol self-administration. In M. Gross (Ed.), Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal: Experimental Studies (pp. 523-538). New York: Plenum Press.

28. Brady, J.V., & Griffiths, R.R. (1977). Drug-maintained performance procedures and the assessment of drug abuse liability. In T. Thompson, & K.R. Unna (Eds.), Predicting Dependence Liability of Stimulant and Depressant Drugs (pp. 165-184). Baltimore: University Park Press.

29. Brady, J.V., & Griffiths, R.R. (1977). Drug-maintained performance and the analysis of stimulant reinforcing effects. In E.H. Ellinwood, & M.M. Kilbey (Eds.), Cocaine and Other Stimulants (pp. 599-613). New York: Plenum Press.

30. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G., & Liebson, I. (1977). Comparison of social time-out and activity time-out procedures in suppressing ethanol self- administration in alcoholics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 329- 336.

31. Griffiths, R.R., Brady, J.V., & Snell, J.D. (1977). Relationship between anorectic and reinforcing properties of appetite suppressant drugs: Implications for the assessment of abuse liability. Problems of Drug Dependence (Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc.). Pp. 443-449.

32. Griffiths, R.R., Stitzer, M., Corker, K., Bigelow, G., & Liebson, I.(1977). Drug-produced changes in human social behavior: Facilitation by d-amphetamine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 7, 365-372.

33. Wurster, R.M., Griffiths, R.R., Findley, J.D., & Brady, J.V. (1977). Reduction of heroin self-administration in baboons by manipulation of behavioral and pharmacological conditions. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 7, 519-528.

34. Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I., Kaliszak, J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1978). Therapeutic self-medication as a context for drug abuse research. In N. Krasnegor (Ed.), Self-Administration of Abused Substances: Methods for Study (pp. 44-58). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

35. Griffiths, R.R., & Bigelow, G.E. (1978). Commonalities in human and infrahuman drug self-administration. In J. Fishman (Ed.) The Bases of Addiction (pp. 157-173). Berlin: Dahlem Konferenzen.

36. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G., & Liebson, I. (1978). Human sedative self- administration: Double-blind comparison of pentobarbital, diazepam, chlorpromazine and placebo. Problems of Drug Dependence (Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc.), 574-584.

37. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G., & Liebson, I. (1978). Experimental human drug self-administration: Generality of relationships across species and type of drug. In N. Krasnegor (Ed.), Self-Administration of Abused Substances: Methods for Study (pp. 24-43). NIDA Research Monograph No. 20, DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 78-727. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

38. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I. (1978). Relationship of social factors to ethanol self-administration in alcoholics. In P.E. Nathan, G.A. Marlatt, & T. Loberg (Eds.), Alcoholism: New Directions in Behavioral Research and Treatment (pp. 351-379). New York: Plenum Press.

39. Griffiths, R.R., Brady, J.V., & Snell, J.D. (1978). Progressive-ratio performance maintained by drug infusions: Comparison of cocaine, diethylpropion, chlorphentermine and fenfluramine. Psychopharmacology, 56, 5-13.

40. Griffiths, R.R., Brady, J.V., & Snell, J.D. (1978). Relationship between anorectic and reinforcing properties of appetite suppressant drugs: Implications for assessment of abuse liability. Biological Psychiatry, 13, 283-290.

41. Stitzer, M.L., Griffiths, R.R., & Liebson, I. (1978). Effects of d- amphetamine on speaking in isolated humans. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 9, 57-63.

42. Griffiths, R.R., & Balster, R.L. (1979). Opioids: Similarity between evaluations of subjective effects and animal self-administration results. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 25, 611-617.

43. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G., & Liebson, I. (1979). Human drug self- administration: Double-blind comparison of pentobarbital, diazepam, chlorpromazine and placebo. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 210, 301-310.

44. Griffiths, R.R., Bradford, L.D., & Brady, J.V. (1979). Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons. Psychopharmacology, 65, 125-136.

45. Griffiths, R.R., Brady, J.V., & Bradford, L.D. (1979). Predicting the abuse liability of drugs with animal drug self-administration procedures: Psychomotor stimulants and hallucinogens. In T. Thompson, & P. Dews (Eds.), Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology: Volume II (pp. 163-208). New York: Academic Press.

46. Henningfield, J.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1979). A preparation for the experimental analysis of human cigarette smoking behavior. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 11, 538-544.

47. Wurster, R.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1979). Human concurrent performances: Variation of reinforcer magnitude and rate of reinforcement. The Psychological Record, 29, 341-354.

48. Bigelow, G.E., Griffiths, R.R., Liebson, I., & Kaliszak, J.E. (1980). Double-blind evaluation of reinforcing and anorectic actions of weight control medications. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1118-1123.

49. Bradford, L.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1980). Responding maintained by cocaine or d-amphetamine under fixed-interval schedules in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 5, 393-400.

50. Griffiths, R.R. (1980). Common factors in human and infrahuman drug self-administration. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 16, 45-47.

51. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Henningfield, J.E. (1980). Similarities in animal and human drug-taking behavior. In N.K. Mello (Ed.), Advances in Substance Abuse (pp. 1-90). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc.

52. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I., & Kaliszak, J.E. (1980). Drug preference in humans: Double-blind choice comparison of pentobarbital, diazepam and placebo. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 215, 649-661.

53. Henningfield, J.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1980). Effects of ventilated cigarette holders on cigarette smoking by humans. Psychopharmacology, 68, 115-119.

54. Henningfield, J.E., Stitzer, M.L., & Griffiths, R.R. (1980). Expired air carbon monoxide accumulation and elimination as a function of number of cigarettes smoked. Addictive Behaviors, 5, 265-272.

55. Henningfield, J.E., Yingling, J., Griffiths, R.R., & Pickens, R. (1980). An inexpensive portable device for measuring puffing behavior by cigarette smokers. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 12, 811-813.

56. Bigelow, G.E., Stitzer, M.L., Griffiths, R.R., & Liebson, I.A. (1981). Contingency management approaches to drug self-administration and drug abuse: Efficacy and limitations. Addictive Behaviors, 6, 241-252.

57. Griffiths, R.R., & Ator, N.A. (1981). Benzodiazepine self-administration in animals and humans: A comprehensive literature review. In J. Ludford, & S. Szara (Eds.), Benzodiazepines (pp. 22-36). NIDA Research Monograph No. 33, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 81-1052. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

58. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I. (1981). Human preference comparison of pentobarbital, diazepam, and placebo. In L.S. Harris (Ed), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1980 (pp. 220-225). NIDA Research Monograph No. 34, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 81-1058). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

59. Griffiths, R.R., & Bigelow, G.E. (1981). Human self-administration of sedative and stimulant drugs. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 17, 138-140.

60. Griffiths, R.R., Brady, J.V., & Bigelow, G.E. (1981). Predicting the dependence liability of stimulant drugs. In T. Thompson, & C.E. Johanson (Eds.), Behavioral Pharmacology of Human Drug Dependence (pp. 182-196). NIDA Research Monograph No. 37, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 81-1137. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

61. Griffiths, R.R., Lukas, S.E., Bradford, L.D., Brady, J.V., & Snell, J.D. (1981). Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons. Psychopharmacology, 75, 101-109.

62. Griffiths, R.R., Wurster, R.M., & Brady, J.V. (1981). Choice between food and heroin: Effects of morphine, naloxone, and secobarbital. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 35, 335-351.

63. Henningfield, J.E., Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1981). Establishment and maintenance of oral ethanol self-administration in the baboon. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 7, 113-124.

64. Henningfield, J.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1981). Cigarette smoking and subjective response: Effects of d-amphetamine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 30, 497-505.

65. Henningfield, J.E., Griffiths, R.R., & Jasinski, D.R. (1981). Human dependence on tobacco and opioids: Common factors. In T. Thompson, & C.E. Johanson (Eds.), Behavioral Pharmacology of Human Drug Dependence (pp. 210-234). NIDA Research Monograph No. 37, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 81-1137. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

66. Stitzer, M.L., Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I. (1981). Human social conversation: Effects of ethanol, secobarbital and chlorpromazine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 14, 353-360.

67. Stitzer, M.L., Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I. (1981). Social stimulus factors in drug effects in human subjects. In T. Thompson, & C.E. Johanson (Eds.), Behavioral Pharmacology of Human Drug Dependence (pp. 130-154). NIDA Research Monograph No. 37, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 81-1137. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

68. Stitzer, M.L., Griffiths, R.R., McLellan, A.T., Grabowski, J., & Hawthorne, J.W. (1981). Diazepam use among methadone maintenance patients: Patterns and dosages. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 8, 189- 199.

69. Brady, J.V., Griffiths, R.R., Hienz, R.D., & Lukas, S.E. (1982). Analysis of drug abuse liability and behavioral toxicity in a laboratory primate model. In M.Y. Spiegelstein, & A. Levy (Eds.), Behavioral Models and the Analysis of Drug Action (pp. 241-276). Amsterdam: Elsevier Scienific Publishing Company.

70. Chait, L.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1982). Differential control of puff duration and interpuff interval in cigarette smokers. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 17, 155-158.

71. Chait, L.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1982). Smoking behavior and tobacco smoke intake: Response of smokers to shortened cigarettes. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 32, 90-97.

72. Griffiths, R.R., Ator, N.A., Lukas, S.E., & Brady, J.V. (1982). Experimental abuse liability assessment of benzodiazepines. In E. Usdin, P. Skolnick, J.F. Tallman, D. Greenblatt, & S.M. Paul (Eds.), Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines (pp. 609-618). London: Macmillan Press, Ltd.

73. Griffiths, R.R., & Henningfield, J.E. (1982). Experimental analysis of human cigarette smoking behavior. Federation Proceedings, 41, 234-240.

74. Griffiths, R.R., & Henningfield, J.E. (1982). Pharmacology of cigarette smoking behavior. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 3, 260-263.

75. Griffiths, R.R., Henningfield, J.E., & Bigelow, G.E. (1982). Human cigarette smoking: Manipulation of number of puffs per bout, interbout interval, and nicotine dose. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 220, 256-265.

76. Lukas, S.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1982). Precipitated withdrawal by a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist (Ro 15-1788) after 7 days of diazepam. Science, 217, 1161-1163.

77. Lukas, S.E., Griffiths, R.R., Bradford, L.D., Brady, J.V., Daley, A., & Delorenzo, R. (1982). A tethering system for intravenous and intragastric drug administration in the baboon. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 17, 823-829.

78. McLeod, D.R., Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Yingling, J. (1982). An automated version of the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 14, 463-466.

79. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1983). Oral self-administration of methohexital in baboons. Psychopharmacology, 79, 120-125.

80. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1983). Lorazepam and pentobarbital drug discrimination in baboons: Cross-drug generalization and interaction with Ro 15-1788. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 226, 776-782.

81. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1983). Nicotine self-administration in baboons. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 19, 993-1003.

82. Bigelow, G.E., Griffiths, R.R., Stitzer, M.L., & Liebson, I.A. (1983). Development of clinical procedures for abuse liability assessment: Progress Report from the Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Baltimore City Hospitals. In L.S. Harris (Ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence, 1982 (pp. 125-131). NIDA Research Monograph No. 43, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 83-1264. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

83. Brady, J.V., & Griffiths, R.R. (1983). Testing drugs for abuse liability and behavioral toxicity: A progress report from the laboratories at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In L.S. Harris (Ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence, 1982 (pp. 99-124). NIDA Research Monograph No. 43, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 83-1264. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

84. Chait, L.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1983). Effects of caffeine on cigarette smoking behavior and subjective response. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 34, 612-622.

85. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I. (1983). Differential effects of diazepam and pentobarbital on mood and behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 865-873.

86. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., Stitzer, M.L., & McLeod, D.R. (1983). Behavioral effects of drugs of abuse. In G. Zbinden, V. Cuomo, G. Racagni, & B. Weiss (Eds.), Application of Behavioral Pharmacology in Toxicology (pp. 367-382). New York: Raven Press.

87. Henningfield, J.E., Chait, L.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1983). Cigarette smoking and subjective response in alcoholics: Effects of pentobarbital. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 33, 806-812.

88. Liebson, I.A., Bigelow, G.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1983). Mantenimiento de la autoadministracion terapeutica de drogas. In V. Alcaraz, V. Colotla, & V. Laties (Eds.), Drogas y Conducta Interacciones y Aplicaciones (pp. 193-235). Mexico City: Trillas.

89. Lukas, S.E., Griffiths, R.R., & Brady, J.V. (1983). Buprenorphine self- administration by the baboon: Comparison with other opioids. In L.S. Harris (Ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence, 1982 (pp. 178-183). NIDA Research Monograph No. 43, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 83-1264. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

90. McLeod, D.R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1983). Human progressive-ratio performance: Maintenance by pentobarbital. Psychopharmacology, 79, 4-9.

91. Brady, J.V., Griffiths, R.R., Hienz, R.D., Bigelow, G.E., Emurian, H.H., Lukas, S.E., Ator, N.A., Nellis, M.J., Ray, R.L., Pearlson, G.D., Liebson, I.A., Funderburk, F., Jasinski, D.R., Henningfield, J., & Johnson, R.E. (1984). Abuse liability and behavioral toxicity assessment. In L.S. Harris (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence, 1983 (pp. 92-108). NIDA Research Monograph No. 49, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 84-1316. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

92. Chait, L.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1984). Effects of methadone on human cigarette smoking and subjective ratings. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 229, 636-640.

93. Griffiths, R.R. (1984). Abuse liability of anxiolytic and sedative drugs. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 7, 248-249.

94. Griffiths, R.R., McLeod, D.R., Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I.A., Roache, J.D., & Nowowieski, P. (1984). Comparison of diazepam and oxazepam: preference, liking, and extent of abuse. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 229, 501-508.

95. Griffiths, R.R., McLeod, D.R., Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I.A., & Roache, J.D. (1984). Relative abuse liability of diazepam and oxazepam: Behavioral and subjective dose effects. Psychopharmacology, 84, 147-154.

96. Henningfield, J.E., Chait, L.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1984). Effects of ethanol on cigarette smoking by volunteers without histories of alcoholism. Psychopharmacology, 82, 1-5.

97. Lamb, R.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1984). Precipitated and spontaneous withdrawal in baboons after chronic dosing with lorazepam and CGS 9896. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 14, 11-17.

98. Lukas, S.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1984). Precipitated diazepam withdrawal in baboons: Effects of dose and duration of diazepam exposure. European Journal of Pharmacology, 100, 163-171.

99. Lukas, S.E., Griffiths, R.R., Brady, J.V., & Wurster, R.M. (1984). Phencyclidine-analogue self-injection by the baboon. Psychopharmacology, 83, 316-320.

100. Nemeth-Coslett, R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1984). Determinants of puff duration in cigarette smokers I. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 20, 957-971.

101. Nemeth-Coslett, R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1984). Determinants of puff duration in cigarette smokers II. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 21, 903-912.

102. Preston, K.L., Griffiths, R.R., Stitzer, M.L., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I.A. (1984). Diazepam and methadone interactions in methadone maintenance. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 36, 534-541.

103. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1985). Lorazepam and pentobarbital discrimination: Interactions with CGS 8216 and caffeine. European Journal of Pharmacology, 107, 169-181.

104. Bigelow, G.E., Brady, J.V., Griffiths, R.R., Stitzer, M.L., Ator, N.A., Higgins, S.T., Liebson, I.A., & Lukas, S.E. (1985). Progress Report from the Division of Behavioral Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In L.S. Harris (Ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence, 1984(pp. 66-75). NIDA Research Monograph No. 55, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 85-1393. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

105. Chait, L.D., Russ, N.W., & Griffiths, R.R. (1985). Effects of graded smoke inhalation on subsequent cigarette smoking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 273-280.

106. Griffiths, R.R., Roache, J.D., Ator, N.A., Lamb, R.J., & Lukas, S.E. (1985). Similarities in reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam, triazolam, and pentobarbital in animals and humans. In L.S. Seiden, & R.L. Balster (Eds.), Behavioral Pharmacology: The Current Status (pp. 419-432). New York: Alan Liss, Inc.

107. Griffiths, R.R., & Roache, J.D. (1985). Abuse liability of benzodiazepines: A review of human studies evaluating subjective and/or reinforcing effects. In D.E.Smith, & D.R.Wesson (Eds.), The Benzodiazepines: Current Standards for Medical Practice (pp. 209-225). Lancaster, England: MTP Press Limited.

108. Griffiths, R.R., Lamb, R.J., Ator, N.A., Roache, J.D., & Brady, J.V. (1985). Relative abuse liability of triazolam: Experimental assessment in animals and humans. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 9, 133- 151.

109. Lamb, R.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1985). Effects of repeated Ro 15-1788 administration in benzodiazepine-dependent baboons. European Journal of Pharmacology, 110, 257-261.

110. Nemeth-Coslett, R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1985). Effects of cigarette rod length on puff volume and carbon monoxide delivery in cigarette smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 15, 1-13.

111. Roache, J.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1985). Comparison of triazolam and pentobarbital: Performance impairment, subjective effects, and abuse liability. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 234, 120-133.

112. Roache, J.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1985). Experimental assessment of the relative abuse liability of triazolam and pentobarbital. In L.S. Harris (Ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence, 1984 (pp. 106-109). NIDA Research Monograph No. 55, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 85-1393. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

113. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1986). Discriminative stimulus effects of atypical anxiolytics in baboons and rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 237, 393-403.

114. Bergman, U., & Griffiths, R.R. (1986). Relative abuse of diazepam and oxazepam: Prescription forgeries and theft/loss reports in Sweden. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 16, 293-301.

115. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I.A., O'Keeffe, M., O'Leary, D., & Russ, N. (1986). Human coffee drinking: Manipulation of concentration and caffeine dose. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45, 133-148.

116. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I.A. (1986). Human coffee drinking: Reinforcing and physical dependence producing effects of caffeine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 239, 416-425.

117. Griffiths, R.R., Brady, J.V., Ator, N.A., Lamb, R., Bigelow, G.E., & Roache, J.D. (1986). Progress Report from the Division of Behavioral Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In L.S. Harris (Ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence, 1985 (pp. 93-97). NIDA Research Monograph No. 67, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 86-1448. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

118. Lukas, S.E., Brady, J.V., & Griffiths, R.R. (1986). Comparison of opioid self-injection and disruption of schedule-controlled performance in the baboon. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 238, 924- 931.

119. Nemeth-Coslett, R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1986). Naloxone does not affect cigarette smoking. Psychopharmacology, 89, 261-264.

120. Nemeth-Coslett, R., Henningfield, J.E., O'Keeffe, M.K. & Griffiths, R.R. (1986) Effects of marijuana smoking on subjective ratings and tobacco smoking. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 25, 659-665.

121. Nemeth-Coslett, R., Henningfield, J.E., O'Keeffe, M.K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1986). Effects of mecamylamine on human cigarette smoking and subjective ratings. Psychopharmacology, 88, 420-425.

122. Preston, K.L., Griffiths, R.R., Cone, E.J., Darwin, W.D., & Gorodetzky, C.W. (1986). Diazepam and methadone blood levels following concurrent administration of diazepam and methadone. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 18, 195-202.

123. Roache, J.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1986). Repeated administration of diazepam and triazolam to subjects with histories of drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 17, 15-29.

124. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1987). Self-administration of barbiturates and benzodiazepines: A review. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 27, 391-398.

125. Brady, J.V., Griffiths, R.R., Hienz, R.D., Ator, N.A., Lukas, S.E., & Lamb, R.J.(1987). Assessing drugs for abuse liability and dependence potential in laboratory primates. In M.A. Bozarth (Ed.) Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs (pp. 45-85). New York: Springer-Verlag.

126. Griffiths, R.R., Ator, N.A., Roache, J.D., & Lamb, R.J. (1987). Abuse liability of triazolam: Experimental measurements in animals and humans. In S.M. Paul, L.F. Gram, S. Dahl, & W.Z. Potter (Eds.) Selectivity in Psychotropic Drug Action - Promises or problems (pp. 83-87). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

127. Griffiths, R.R., & Sannerud, C.A. (1987). Abuse liability of tranquillizers. In M.E. Vartanian, P.V. Morozov, & I. Khan (Eds.) Rational Use of Psychotropic Drugs with Special Emphasis on Tranquillizers in Non-Psychiatric Settings (pp. 23-39). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.

128. Griffiths, R.R., & Sannerud, C.A. (1987). Abuse of and dependence on benzodiazepines and other anxiolytic/sedative drugs. In H.Y. Meltzer (Ed.) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress (pp. 1535- 1541). New York: Raven Press.

129. Lamb, R.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1987). Self-injection of d, l-3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the baboon. Psychopharmacology, 91, 268-272.

130. Lamb, R.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1987). Effects of Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216 in diazepam-dependent baboons. European Journal of Pharmacology, 143, 205-212.

131. Lamb, R.J., Sannerud, C.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1987). An examination of the intravenous self-administration of phenylpropanolamine using a cocaine substitution procedure in the baboon. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 28, 389-392.

132. Liebson, I., Bigelow, G., Griffiths, R.R., & Funderburk, F.R. (1987). Phenylpropanolamine: Effects on subjective and cardiovascular variables at recommended over-the-counter dose levels. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 27, 685-693.

133. Mello, N.K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1987). Alcoholism and drug abuse: An overview. In H.Y. Meltzer (Ed.) Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress (pp. 1511-1514). New York: Raven Press. 134. Nemeth-Coslett, R., Henningfield, J.E., O'Keeffe, M.K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1987). Nicotine gum: Dose-related effects on cigarette smoking and subjective ratings. Psychopharmacology, 92, 424-430.

135. Roache, J.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1987). Lorazepam and meprobamate dose effects in humans: Behavioral effects and abuse liability. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 243, 978-988.

136. Roache, J.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1987). Interactions of diazepam and caffeine: Behavioral and subjective dose effects in humans. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 26, 801-812.

137. Zacny, J.P., Stitzer, M.L., Brown, F.J., Yingling, F.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1987). Human cigarette smoking: Effects of puff and inhalation parameters on smoke exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 240, 554-564.

138. Funderburk, F.R., Griffiths, R.R., McLeod, D.R., Bigelow, G.E., Mackenzie, A., Liebson, I.A., & Nemeth-Coslett, R. (1988). Relative abuse liability of lorazepam and diazepam: an evaluation in 'recreational' drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 22, 215-222.

139. Griffiths, R.R., & Woodson, P.P. (1988). Reinforcing properties of caffeine: Studies in humans and laboratory animals. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 29, 419-427.

140. Griffiths, R.R., & Woodson, P.P. (1988). Caffeine physical dependence: A review of human and laboratory animal studies. Psychopharmacology, 94, 437-451.

141. Griffiths, R.R., & Woodson, P.P. (1988). Caffeine physical dependence and reinforcement in humans and laboratory animals. In M. Lader (Ed.) The Psychopharmacology of Addiction. (pp. 141-156). New York: Oxford University Press.

142. Griffiths, R.R., & Woodson, P.P. (1988). Reinforcing effects of caffeine in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 246, 21-29.

143. Sannerud, C.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1988). Amantadine: Evaluation of reinforcing properties and effect on cocaine self-injection in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 21, 195-202.

144. Ator, N.A., Cook, J.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Drug discrimination in pentylenetetrazol-trained baboons: Generalization to buspirone and β- carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester but not lorazepam or pentobarbital. Drug Development Research, 16, 257-267.

145. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Asymmetrical cross-generalization in drug discrimination with lorazepam and pentobarbital training conditions. Drug Development Research, 16, 355-364.

146. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Differential generalization to pentobarbital in rats trained to discriminate lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and triazolam. Psychopharmacology, 98, 20- 30.

147. Bickel, W.K., Higgins, S.T., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Repeated diazepam administration: Effects on the acquisition and performance of response chains in humans. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 47-56.

148. Funderburk, F.R., Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I.A., Mackenzie, A., McLeod, D.R., Nemeth-Coslett, R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Behavioral differentiation of anxiolytic medications: alone and in combination with alcohol. Current Therapeutic Research, 45, 21-32.

149. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Liebson, I.A. (1989). Reinforcing effects of caffeine in coffee and capsules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 127-140.

150. Preston, K.L., Guarino, J.J., Kirk, W.T., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Evaluation of the abuse potential of methocarbamol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 248, 1146-1157.

151. Roache, J.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Abuse liability of anxiolytics and sedative/hypnotics: Methods assessing the likelihood of abuse. In M.W. Fischman, & N.K. Mello (Eds.) Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs (pp. 123-146). NIDA Research Monograph No. 92, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 89-1613 Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

152. Roache, J.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Diazepam and triazolam self- administration in sedative abusers: concordance of subject ratings, performance and drug self-administration. Psychopharmacology, 99, 309- 315.

153. Sannerud, C.A., Brady, J.V., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Self-injection in baboons of amphetamines and related designer drugs. In K. Asghar, & E. DeSouza (Eds.) Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine and Related Designer Drugs (pp. 30-42). NIDA Research Monograph No. 94, DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 89-1640 Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

154. Sannerud, C.A., Cook, J.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1989). Behavioral differentiation of benzodiazepine ligands after repeated administration in baboons. European Journal of Pharmacology, 167, 333-343.

155. Evans, S.M., Funderburk, F.R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1990). Zolpidem and triazolam in humans: Behavioral and subjective effects and abuse liability. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 255, 1246-1255.

156. Griffiths, R.R., Evans, S.M., Heishman, S.J., Preston, K.L., Sannerud, C.A., Wolf, B., & Woodson, P.P. (1990). Low-dose caffeine discrimination in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 252, 970-978.

157. Griffiths, R.R., Evans, S.M., Heishman, S.J., Preston, K.L., Sannerud, C.A., Wolf, B., & Woodson, P.P. (1990). Low-dose caffeine physical dependence in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 255, 1123-1132.

158. Griffiths, R.R., & Wolf, B. (1990). Relative abuse liability of different benzodiazepines in drug abusers. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 237-243.

159. Kirk, T., Roache, J.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1990). Dose-response evaluation of the amnestic effects of triazolam and pentobarbital in normal subjects. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 10, 160-167.

160. Lamb, R.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1990). Self-administration in baboons and the discriminative stimulus effects in rats of bupropion, nomifensine, diclofensine and imipramine. Psychopharmacology, 102, 183-190.

161. Mansbach, R.S., Sannerud, C.A., Griffiths, R.R., Balster, R.L., & Harris, L.S. (1990). Intravenous self-administration of 4-methylaminorex in primates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 26, 137-144. 162. Cam’, J., Bigelow, G.E., Griffiths, R.R., & Drummond (Eds.)(1991) Special issue: Clinical testing of drug abuse liability. British Journal of Addiction, 86, Number 12.

163. de Wit, H., & Griffiths, R.R. (1991). Testing the abuse liability of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 28, 83-111.

164. Evans, S.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1991). Dose-related caffeine discrimination in normal volunteers: individual differences in subjective effects and self-reported cues. Behavioural Pharmacology, 2, 345-356.

165. Evans, S.M., Critchfield, T.S., & Griffiths, R.R. (1991). Abuse liability assessment of anxiolytics/hypnotics: rationale and laboratory lore. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1625-1632.

166. Griffiths, R.R., Lamb, R.J., Sannerud, C.A., Ator, N.A., & Brady, J.V. (1991). Self-injection of barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other sedative-anxiolytics in baboons. Psychopharmacology, 103, 154-161.

167. Sannerud, C.A., Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1991). Methocarbamol: evaluation of reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects. Behavioural Pharmacology, 2, 143-150.

168. Sannerud, C.A., Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1991). Comparison of the discriminative stimulus effects of midazolam after intracerebroventricular and peripheral administration in the rat. Life Sciences, 49, 261-268.

169. Sannerud, C.A., Allen, M., Cook, J.M. & Griffiths, R.R. (1991). Behavioral effects of benzodiazepine ligands in non-dependent, diazepam dependent and diazepam-withdrawn baboons European Journal of Pharmacology, 202,159-169.

170. Wolf, B., & Griffiths, R.R. (1991). Physical dependence on benzodiazepines: Differences within the class. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 29, 153-156.

171. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1992). Oral self-administration of triazolam, diazepam and ethanol in the baboon: drug reinforcement and benzodiazepine physical dependence. Psychopharmacology, 108, 301-312.

172. Evans, S.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1992). Caffeine tolerance and choice in humans. Psychopharmacology, 108, 51-59.

173. Griffiths, R.R., Sannerud, C.A., Ator, N.A., & Brady, J.V. (1992). Zolpidem behavioral pharmacology in baboons: Self-injection, discrimination, tolerance and withdrawal. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 260, 1199-1208.

174. Preston, K.L., Wolf, B., Guarino, J.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1992). Subjective and behavioral effects of diphenhydramine, lorazepam, and methocarbamol: Evaluation of abuse liability. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 262, 707-720.

175. Sannerud, C.A., Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1992). Behavioral pharmacology of abecarnil in baboons: self-injection, drug discrimination and physical dependence. Behavioural Pharmacology, 3, 507-516.

176. Silverman, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1992). Low-dose caffeine discrimination and self-reported mood effects in normal volunteers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 57, 91-107.

177. Silverman, K., Evans, S.M., Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (1992). Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind cessation of caffeine consumption. The New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 1109-1114.

178. Silverman, K., Evans, S. M., Strain, E. C., et Griffiths, R. R. (1992). Syndrome de sevrage après arrêt en double-aveugle de la consommation de caféine. Le Journal International de Medécine, 252, 26-32. (Reprinted from NEJM, 327, 1109-1114)

179. Woodson, P.P., & Griffiths, R.R. (1992). Control of cigarette smoking topography: smoke filtration and draw resistance. Behavioural Pharmacology, 3, 99-111.

180. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1993). Differential sensitivity to midazolam discriminative-stimulus effects following self-administered verses response-independent midazolam. Psychopharmacology, 110, 1-4.

181. Ator, N.A., Grant, K.A., Purdy, R.H., Paul, S.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1993). Drug discrimination analysis of endogenous neuroactive steroids in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 241, 237-243.

182. Funderburk, F.R., Mackenzie, A., Felch, L., Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1993). Behavioral evaluation of drugs: a comparison of the behavioral effects of adinazolam and lorazepam. Journal of Clinical Research and Drug Development, 7, 65-75.

183. Griffiths, R.R., Troisi II, J.R., Silverman, K., & Mumford, G.K. (1993). Multiple-choice procedure: an efficient approach for investigating drug reinforcement in humans. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4, 3-13.

184. Griffiths, R.R., Evans, S.M., Guarino, J.J., Roache, J.D., Furman, W.R., Liebson, I., & Schwam, E.M. (1993). Intravenous flumazenil following acute and repeated exposure to lorazepam in healthy voluteers: antagonism and precipitated withdrawal. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 265, 1163-1174.

185. Iguchi, M.Y., Handelsman, L., Bickel, W.K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1993). Benzodiazepine and sedative use/abuse by methadone maintenance clients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 32, 257-266.

186. Lamb, R.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1993). Behavioral effects of pentobarbital, lorazepam, ethanol and chlorpromazine substitution in pentobarbital-dependent baboons. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 265, 47-52.

187. Sannerud, C.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1993). Tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects of midazolam: evidence for environmental modification and dose fading. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4, 125-133.

188. Sannerud, C.A., Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1993). Behavioral pharmacology of tandospirone in baboons: chronic administration and withdrawal, self-injection, and drug discrimination. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 32, 195-208.

189. Sannerud, C.A., Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1993). Behavioral pharmacology of abecarnil in baboons: reduced dependence and abuse potential. In D.N. Stephens (Ed.) Anxiolytic β-carbolines: From Molecular Biology to the Clinic, Psychopharmacology Series 11 (pp. 113- 120). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

190. Sellers, E.M., Ciraulo, D.A., DuPont, R.L., Griffiths, R.R., Kosten, T.R., Romach, M.K., & Woody, G.E. (1993). Alprazolam and benzodiazepine dependence. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54 (suppl), 64-75.

191. Troisi II, J.R., Critchfield, T.S., & Griffiths, R.R. (1993). Buspirone and lorazepam abuse liability in humans: behavioral effects, subjective effects and choice. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4, 217-230.

192. Ator, N.A., Cook, J.M., Allen, M.S., & Griffiths, R.R. (1994). Discriminative-stimulus effects of azaspirodecanedione anxiolytics in baboons trained to discriminate β-carboline-3-carboxlylic acid ethyl ester or pentylenetetrazole. Behavioural Pharmacology, 5, 176-188.

193. Evans, S.M., Troisi, J.R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1994). Tandospirone and alprazolam: comparison of behavioral effects and abuse liability in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 271, 683- 694.

194. Evans, S.M., Critchfield, T.S., & Griffiths, R.R. (1994). Caffeine reinforcement demonstrated in a majority of moderate caffeine users. Behavioural Pharmacology, 5, 231-238.

195. Kaminski, B.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1994). Intravenous self-injection of methcathinone in the baboon. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 47, 981-983.

196. Mumford, G.K., Evans, S.M., Kaminski, B.J., Preston, K.L., Sannerud, C.A., Silverman, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1994). Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans. Psychopharmacology, 115, 1-8.

197. Silverman, K., Mumford, G.K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1994). A procedure for studying the within-session onset of human drug discrimination. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 61, 181-189.

198. Silverman, K., Kirby, K.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (1994). Modulation of drug reinforcement by behavioral requirements following drug ingestion. Psychopharmacology, 114, 243-247.

199. Silverman, K., Mumford, G.K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1994). Enhancing caffeine reinforcement by behavioral requirements following drug ingestion. Psychopharmacology, 114, 424-432.

200. Strain, E.C., Mumford, G.K., Silverman, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1994). Caffeine dependence syndrome: evidence from case histories and experimental evaluations. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272 (13), 1043-1048.

201. Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Benzodiazepines: long-term use among patients is a concern and abuse among polydrug abusers is not trivial. Psychopharmacology, 118, 116-117.

202. Griffiths, R.R., & Mumford, G.K. (1995). Caffeine - A drug of abuse? In F.E. Bloom, & D.J. Kupher (Eds.) Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress (pp. 1699-1713). New York: Raven Press Ltd.

203. Kidorf, M., Stitzer, M.L., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Evaluating the reinforcement value of clinic-based privileges through a multiple choice procedure. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 39, 167-172.

204. Mumford, G.K., Rush, C.R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Alprazolam and DN- 2327 (Pazinaclone) in humans: Psychomotor, memory, subjective and reinforcing effects. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3, 39-48.

205. Mumford, G.K., Rush, C.R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Abecarnil and alprazolam in humans: Behavioral, subjective and reinforcing effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 272, 570-580.

206. Mumford, G.K., Evans, S.M., Fleishaker, J.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Alprazolam absorption kinetics affects abuse liability. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 57, 356-365.

207. Rush, C.R., Sullivan, J.T., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Intravenous caffeine in stimulant drug abusers: subjective reports and physiological effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 273, 351-358.

208. Rush, C.R., Critchfield, T.S., Troisi II, J.R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Discriminative stimulus effects of diazepam and buspirone in normal volunteers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 63, 277- 294.

209. Sannerud, C.A., Kaminski, B.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Maintenance of H1 antagonists self-injection in baboons. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3, 26-32.

210. Silverman, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Caffeine. In J.H. Jaffe (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol, Volume 1 (pp. 183-189). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.

211. Silverman, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Tea. In J.H. Jaffe (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol, Volume 3 (pp. 1018-1019). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.

212. Silverman, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Coffee. In J.H. Jaffe (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol, Volume 1 (pp. 250-251). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.

213. Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Caffeine dependence: Fact or fiction? (Commentary) Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 88, 437- 440.

214. Strain, E.C., Mumford, G.K., Silverman, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1995). Caffeine dependence syndrome. (Letter) Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1418-1419.

215. Abreu, M.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1996). Drug tasting may confound human drug discrimination studies. Psychopharmacology, 125, 255-257.

216. Evans, S.M., Griffiths, R.R., & deWit, H. (1996). Preference for diazepam, but not buspirone, in moderate drinkers. Psychopharmacology, 123, 154-163.

217. Eissenberg, T., Griffiths, R.R., & Stitzer, M.L. (1996). Mecamylamine does not precipitate withdrawal in cigarette smokers. Psychopharmacology, 127, 328-336.

218. Griffiths, R.R., & Mumford, G.K. (1996). Caffeine reinforcement, discrimination, tolerance and physical dependence in laboratory animals and humans In C.R. Schuster, & M.J. Kuhar (Eds.) Pharmacological Aspects of Drug Dependence: Toward an Integrated Neurobehavioral Approach (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology; v.118) (pp. 315-341). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

219. Griffiths, R.R., Rush, C.R., & Puhala, K.A. (1996). Validation of the multiple-choice procedure for investigating drug reinforcement in humans. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 97-106.

220. Kaminski, B.J., Sannerud, C.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1996). Intravenous self-injection of psychomotor stimulant-anorectics in the baboon. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 141-150.

221. Mumford, G.K., Benowitz, N.L., Evans, S.M., Kaminski, B.J., Preston, K.L., Sannerud, C.A., Silverman, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1996). Absorption rate of methylxanthines following capsules, cola and chocolate. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 51, 319-325.

222. Mumford, G.K., Silverman, K., & Griffiths, R.R. (1996). Reinforcing, subjective and performance effects of lorazepam and diphenhydramine in humans. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 421-430.

223. Rush, C.R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1996). Zolpidem, triazolam, and temazepam: behavioral and subject-rated effects in normal volunteers. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16, 146-157.

224. Sannerud, C.A., Kaminski, B. J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1996). Intravenous self-injection of four novel phenethylamines in baboons. Behavioural Pharmacology, 7, 315-323.

225. Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (1996). Caffeine dependence: Fact or fiction? Woman's Health Digest, 2, 15-17. (Reprinted from J R Soc Med, 88, 437-440)

226. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1997). Selectivity in the generalization profile in baboons trained to discriminate lorazepam: benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other sedative/anxiolytics. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 282, 1442-1457.

227. Eissenberg, T., & Griffiths, R.R. (1997). Human drug discrimination and multiple chemical sensitivity: caffeine exposure as an experimental model. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105 (Suppl. 2), 509-513.

228. Garrett, B.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1997). The role of dopamine in the behavioral effects of caffeine in animals and humans. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 57, 533-541.

229. Griffiths, R.R., & Weerts, E.M. (1997). Benzodiazepine self- administration in humans and laboratory animals -- implications for problems of long-term use and abuse. Psychopharmacology, 134, 1-37.

230. Mintzer, M.Z., Frey, J.M., Yingling, J.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1997). Triazolam and zolpidem: a comparison of their psychomotor, cognitive, and subjective effects in healthy volunteers. Behavioural Pharmacology, 8, 561-574.

231. Mintzer, M.Z., Guarino, J., Kirk, T., Roache, J.D., & Griffiths, R.R. (1997). Ethanol and pentobarbital: comparison of behavioral and subjective effects in sedative drug abusers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 203-215.

232. Rush, C.R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1997). Acute participant-rated and behavioral effects of alprazolam and buspirone, alone and in combination with ethanol, in normal volunteers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 28-38.

233. Schuh, K.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (1997). Caffeine reinforcement: the role of withdrawal. Psychopharmacology, 130, 320-326.

234. Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (1997). Caffeine Use Disorders. In A. Tasman, J. Kay, J.A. Lieberman (Eds.) Psychiatry, vol 1 (pp. 779-794). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.

235. Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (1997). Caffeine Use Disorders. In D.H. Taylor, & A. Tasman (Eds.) Psychiatry: Self-Assessment and Review (pp. 119-120). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.

236. Frey, J.M., Mintzer, M.Z., Rush, C.R., & Griffiths, R.R. (1998). Buspirone is differentiated from diazepam in humans using a three- response drug discrimination procedure. Psychopharmacology, 138, 16-26.

237. Garrett, B.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1998). Physical dependence increases the relative reinforcing effects of caffeine verses placebo. Psychopharmacology, 139, 195-202.

238. Mintzer, M.Z., Frey, J.M. & Griffiths, R.R. (1998). Zolpidem is differentiated from triazolam in humans using a three-response drug discrimination procedure. Behavioural Pharmacology, 9, 545-559.

239. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (1998). Flunitrazepam and triazolam: a comparison of behavioral effects and abuse liability. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 53, 49-66.

240. Weerts, E.M., Kaminski, B.J. & Griffiths, R.R. (1998). Stable low-rate midazolam self-injection with concurrent physical dependence under conditions of long-term continuous availability in baboons. Psychopharmacology, 135, 70-81.

241. Weerts, E.M., Ator, N.A., Grech, D.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1998). Zolpidem physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 285, 41-53.

242. Weerts, E.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1998). Zolpidem self-injection with concurrent physical dependence under conditions of long-term continuous availability in baboons. Behavioural Pharmacology, 9, 285-297.

243. Ator, N.A.and Griffiths, R.R. (1999). Drug discrimination analysis of partial agonists at the benzodiazepine site. I. Differential effects of U-78875 across training conditions in baboons and rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 289, 1434-1446.

244. Evans, S.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1999). Caffeine withdrawal: a parametric analysis of caffeine dosing conditions. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 289, 285-294.

245. Jones, H.E., Garrett, B.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (1999). Subjective and physiological effects of intravenous nicotine and cocaine in cigarette smoking cocaine abusers. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 288, 188-197.

246. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (1999). Selective effects of zolpidem on human memory functions. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 13, 18-31.

247. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (1999). Triazolam and zolpidem: effects on human memory and attentional processes. Psychopharmacology, 144, 8- 19.

248. Mintzer, M.Z., Stoller, K.B., & Griffiths, R.R. (1999). A controlled study of flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in chronic low-dose benzodiazepine users. Psychopharmacology, 147, 200-209.

249. Rush, C.R., Frey, J.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1999). Zaleplon and triazolam in humans: acute behavioral effects and abuse potential. Psychopharmacology, 145, 39-51.

250. Weerts, E.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1999). Evaluation of the intravenous reinforcing effects of clonidine in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 53, 207-214.

251. Weerts, E.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (1999). Evaluation of limited and unlimited food intake during withdrawal in triazolam-dependent baboons. Behavioural Pharmacology, 10, 415-421.

252. Weerts, E.M., Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (1999) Comparison of the reinforcing effects of propofol and methohexital in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 57, 51-60

253. Ator, N.A., Weerts, E.M., Kaminski, B.J., Kautz, M.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (2000). Zaleplon and triazolam physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 61, 69-84.

254. Griffiths, R.R., & Chausmer, A.L. (2000). Caffeine as a model drug of dependence: Recent developments in understanding caffeine withdrawal, the Caffeine Dependence Syndrome, and caffeine negative reinforcement. Japanese Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, 223-231.

255. Griffiths, R.R., & Vernotica, E.M. (2000). Is caffeine a flavoring agent in cola soft drinks? Archives of Family Medicine, 9, 727-734.

256. Jones, H.E., Herning, R.I., Cadet, J.L., & Griffiths, R.R. (2000). Caffeine withdrawal increases cerebral blood flow velocity and alters quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) activity. Psychopharmacology, 147, 371-377.

257. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2000). Acute effects of triazolam on false recognition. Memory and Cognition, 28, 1357-1365.

258. Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (2000). Caffeine-related disorders. In B.J. Sadock, & V.A. Sadock (Eds.) Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (pp. 982-990). Seventh Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

259. Garrett, B.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (2001). Intravenous nicotine and caffeine: Subjective and physiological effects in cocaine abusers. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 296, 486-494.

260. Jones, H.E., Garrett, B.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (2001). Reinforcing effects of oral cocaine: contextual determinants. Psychopharmacology, 154, 143-152.

261. Mintzer, M.Z., Allen, R.P., & Griffiths, R.R. (2001). Investigation of preference for nightly triazolam verses placebo in moderate social alcohol drinkers. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 15, 3-8.

262. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2001). False recognition in triazolam-induced amnesia. Journal of Memory and Language, 44, 475-492.

263. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2001). Acute dose-effects of scopolamine on false recognition. Psychopharmacology, 153, 425-433.

264. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2001). Alcohol and false recognition. Psychopharmacology, 159, 51-57.

265. Mintzer, M.Z., Griffiths, R.R., Contoreggi, C., Kimes, A.S., London, E.D., & Ernst, M. (2001). Effects of triazolam on brain activity during episodic memory encoding: A PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 744- 756.

266. Smith, B.J., Jones, H.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (2001). Physiological, subjective and reinforcing effects of oral and intravenous cocaine in humans. Psychopharmacology, 156, 435-444.

267. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2002). Alcohol and triazolam: differential effects on memory, psychomotor performance, and subjective ratings of effects. Behavioural Pharmacology, 13, 653-658.

268. Ator, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (2003). Principles of abuse liability assessment by use of behavioral procedures in laboratory animals. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 70, S55-S72.

269. Chausmer, A.L., Smith, B.J., Kelly, R.Y., & Griffiths, R.R. (2003). Cocaine-like subjective effects of nicotine are not blocked by the D1 selective antagonist ecopipam (SCH 39166). Behavioural Pharmacology, 14, 111-120.

270. Griffiths, R.R., Bigelow, G.E., & Ator, N.A. (2003). Principles of initial experimental drug abuse liability assessment in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 70, S41-S54.

271. Griffiths, R.R., Juliano, L.M., & Chausmer, A.L. (2003). Caffeine pharmacology and clinical effects. In: Graham A.W., Schultz T.K., Mayo- Smith M.F., Ries R.K. & Wilford, B.B. (Eds.) Principles of Addiction Medicine, Third Edition (pp. 193-224). Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine.

272. Jones, H.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (2003). Oral caffeine maintenance potentiates the reinforcing and stimulant subjective effects of intravenous nicotine in cigarette smokers. Psychopharmacology, 165, 280- 290.

273. Kaminski, B.J., Sannerud, C.A., Weerts, E.M., Lamb, R.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (2003). Physical dependence in baboons chronically treated with low and high doses of diazepam. Behavioural Pharmacology, 14, 331-342.

274. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2003). Lorazepam and scopolamine: A single-dose comparison of effects on human memory and attentional processes. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 56-72.

275. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2003). Triazolam-amphetamine interactions: dissociation of effects on memory versus arousal. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 17, 17-29.

276. Mintzer, M.Z., Griffiths, R.R., & Hirshman, E. (2003). A paradoxical dissociation in the effects of midazolam on recollection and automatic processes in the process dissociation procedure. American Journal of Psychology, 116, 213-237.

277. Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (2003). Substance abuse: Caffeine use disorders. In A. Tasman, J. Kay, J.A. Lieberman (Eds.) Psychiatry (pp. 973-994). London: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

278. Weerts, E.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (2003). The adenosine receptor antagonist CGS15943 reinstates cocaine-seeking behavior and maintains self-administration in baboons. Psychopharmacology, 168, 155-163.

279. Juliano, L.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (2004). A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: Empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology, 176, 1-29.

280. Sobel, B.X., Sigmon, S.C. & Griffiths, R.R. (2004). Transdermal nicotine maintenance attenuates the subjective and reinforcing effects of intravenous nicotine, but not cocaine or caffeine, in cigarette-smoking stimulant abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 991-1003.

281. Ator, N.A., Griffiths, R.R., & Weerts, E. M. (2005). Self-injection of flunitrazepam alone and in the context of methadone maintenance in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78, 113-123.

282. Griffiths, R.R., & Johnson, M.W. (2005). Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: A conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66 (suppl. 9), 31-41.

283. Griffiths, R.R., & Griffiths, J.W. (2005). Caffeine. In Encyclopedia Americana. Danbury, CT: Grolier Scholastic Library Publishing.

284. Johnson, M.W., & Griffiths, R.R. (2005). Ramelteon (guest commentary). CNS Drugs, 19, 1066-1067.

285. Juliano, L.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (2005). Caffeine. In J.H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz, R.B Millman, & J.G. Langrod (Eds.) Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook, Fourth Edition (pp. 403-421). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

286. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2005). An abuse liability comparison of flunitrazepam and triazolam in sedative drug abusers. Behavioural Pharmacology, 16, 579-584.

287. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2005). Drugs, memory, and metamemory: A dose-effect study with lorazepam and scopolamine. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 336-347.

288. Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2005). Flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal in healthy volunteers following repeated diazepam exposure. Psychopharmacology, 178, 259-267.

289. Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (2005). Caffeine-related disorders. In B.J. Sadock, & V.A. Sadock (Eds.) Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (pp.1201-1211). Eighth Edition. Philadelpia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

290. Svikis, D.S., Berger, N., Haug, N.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (2005). Caffeine dependence in combination with a family history of alcoholism as a predictor of continued use of caffeine during pregnancy.ability to quit caffeine use during pregnancy, American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2344- 2351.

291. Weerts, E.M. Goodwin A.K., Griffiths, R.R., Brown, P.R., W. Froestl, W., Jakobs, C., & Gibson, K.M. (2005). Spontaneous and precipitated withdrawal after chronic intragastric administration of gamma- hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in baboons. Psychopharmacology, 179, 678-687.

292. Weerts, E.M., Ator, N.A., Kaminski, B.J., & Griffiths, R.R. (2005). Comparison of the behavioral effects of bretanzenil and flumazenil in triazolam-dependent and non-dependent baboons. European Journal of Pharmacology, 519, 103-113.

293. Weerts, E.M., Froestl, W., & Griffiths, R.R. (2005). Effects of GABAergic modulators on food and cocaine self-administration in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 80:369-376.

294. Carter, L.P., Richards, B.D., Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2006). Relative abuse liability of GHB in humans: a comparison of psychomotor, subjective, and cognitive effects of supratherapeutic doses of triazolam, pentobarbital, and GHB. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2537-2551.

295. Goodwin, A.K, Griffiths, R.R; Brown, P.R., Froestl, W., Jakobs, C, Gibson, K.M., Weerts, E.M. (2006). Chronic intragastric administration of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) produces physical dependence in baboons. Psychopharmacology, 189, 71-82.

296. Griffiths, R.R., Richards, W.A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006). Psilocybin can occasion mystical experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology, 187, 268-283.

297. Grudzinskas, C., Balster, R.L., Gorodetzky, C.W., Griffiths, R.R., Henningfield, J.E., Johanson, C.E., Mansbach, R.S., McCormick, C.G., Schnoll, S.H., Strain, E.C., & Wright, C. (2006). Impact of formulation on the abuse liability, safety and regulation of medications: The expert panel report. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83 Suppl 1:S77-82.

298. Johnson, M.W., Suess, P.E., & Griffiths, R.R. (2006). Ramelteon: A Novel Hypnotic Lacking Abuse Liability and Sedative Side Effects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1149-1157.

299. Lofwall, M.R., Griffiths, R.R., & Mintzer, M.Z. (2006). Cognitive and subjective acute dose effects of intramuscular ketamine in healthy adults. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 439-449.

300. Mintzer, M.Z., Kuwabara, H., Alexander, M., Brasic, J.R., Ye, W., Ernst, M., Griffiths, R.R., & Wong, D.F (2006). Dose effects of triazolam on brain activity during episodic memory encoding: A PET study. Psychopharmacology, 199, 445-461.

301. Carter L.P., Griffiths R.R, Suess P.E., Casada J.H., Wallace C.L., & Roache J.D. (2007). Relative abuse liability of indiplon and triazolam in humans: a comparison of psychomotor, subjective, and cognitive effects. Journal Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 322, 749-59.

302. Mintzer, M.Z, & Griffiths, R.R. (2007). A triazolam/amphetamine dose- effect interaction study: dissociation of effects on memory versus arousal. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 192,425-440.

303. Mintzer, M.Z, & Griffiths, R.R. (2007). Differential effects of scopolamine and lorazepam on working memory maintenance versus manipulation processes. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 120-129.

304. Weerts, E.M., Froestl, W., Kaminski, B. & Griffiths, R.R. (2007). Attenuation of cocaine-seeking by GABAB receptor agonists baclofen and CGP44532 but not the GABA reuptake blocker tiagabine in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89, 206-213.

305. Griffiths, R.R., Johnson, M.W., Richards, W.A., McCann, U., & Richards, B.D. (2008). Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), 621-632.

306. Griffiths, R.R., & Ressig, C.J. (2008). Substance abuse: Caffeine use disorders. In A. Tasman, J. Kay, J. Lieberman, M. B. First, M Maj (Eds.) Psychiatry, third edition, volume 1 (pp.1019-1040). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

307. Johnson, M.W., Richards, W.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (2008). Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), 603-620.

308. Juliano, L.M., Ferré, S., & Griffiths, R.R. (submitted). Caffeine: pharmacology and clinical effects. In R. Ries, Fiellin, D., Miller, S., & Saitz, R. (Eds.) Principles of Addiction Medicine, Fourth Edition (pp.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

309. Juliano, L.M., & Griffiths, R.R. (in press). Caffeine-related disorders. In B.J. Sadock, V.A. Sadock, & P. Ruiz (Eds.) Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/ (pp.). Ninth Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

310. Ressig, C.J., Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (2009). Caffeinated energy drinks - A growing problem. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99, 1-10.

311. Sigmon, S.C., Herning, R.I., Better, W,., Cadet J.L., & Griffiths R.R. (2009). Caffeine withdrawal, acute effects, tolerance, and absence of net beneficial effects of chronic administration: cerebral blood flow velocity, quantitative EEG, and subjective effects. Psychopharmacology, 204(4), 573-585.

312. Carter, L.P., Pardi, D., Gorsline, J., & Griffiths, R.R. (2009). Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem®): Differences in characteristics and misuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 104, 1-10.

313. Carter, L.P., Griffiths, R.R., & Mintzer, M.Z. (2009). Cognitive, psychomotor, and subjective effects of sodium oxybate and triazolam in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 206, 141-154.

314. Carter, L.P., Mintzer, M.Z., & Griffiths, R.R. (2009). Amnestic effects of sodium oxybate are less than those of triazolam - reply to Drs. Zvosec and Smith. Psychopharmacology, 207, 511-512.

315. Carter, L.P. & Griffiths, R.R. (2009). Principles of laboratory assessment of drug abuse liability and implications for clinical development. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 105S, S14-S25.

316. Kleykamp, B.A., Griffiths, R.R., & Mintzer, M.Z. (2010). Dose effects of triazolam and alcohol on cognitive performance in healthy volunteers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 1-16.

317. Mintzer, M.Z., Kleykamp, B.A., & Griffiths, R.R. (2010). Dose effects of triazolam and scopolamine on metamemory. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 17-31.

318. Arria, A.M., Calderira, K.M.,Kasperski, S.J., O'Grady, K.E., Vincent, K.B., Griffiths, R.R., & Wish, E.D. (2010). Increased alcohol consumption, nonmedical prescription drug use, and illicit drug use are associated with energy drink consumption among college students. Journal of Addition Medicine, 4, 74-80.

319. Johnson, M.W., Strain, E.C., & Griffiths, R.R. (2010). Effects of oral caffeine pretreatment on response to intravenous nicotine and cocaine. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 305-315.

320. Arria, A.M., Calderira, K.M., Kasperski, S.J., Vincent, K.B., Griffiths, R.R., & O'Grady, K.E. (2011). Energy drink consumption and increased risk for alcohol dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 4, 74-80.

321. Goodwin A.K., Kaminski B.J., Griffiths R.R., Ator N.A., Weerts E.M. (published online 2010, in press). Intravenous self-administration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in baboons. Drug and Alcohol Dependence.

322. Johnson, M.W. MacLean, K.A., Reissig, C.J., Prisinzano, T.E. & Griffiths, R.R. (2011). Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115, 150-155.

323. Sigmon, S.C. & Griffiths, R.R. (in press). Caffeine choice prospectively predicts positive subjective effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence.

324. Juliano, L.M., Anderson, B.L., & Griffiths, R.R. (2011). Caffeine. In P. Ruiz, & E. Strain, (Eds.) Lowinson & Ruiz's Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook, Fifth Edition (pp.335-353). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

325. Evatt, D.P., & Griffiths, R.R. (in press). Caffeine, Addiction, and Food Consumption. In K. Brownell & M. Gold. (Eds.) Handbook of Food and Addiction, New York, Oxford University Press.

326. Evatt, D.P., & Griffiths, R.R. (in press). Caffeine. In B. Caballero., L. Allen, and A. Prentice (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, 3rd Edition. Oxford, London: Elsevier.

E-mail contact: rgriff@jhmi.edu